[49], The first of the British aircraft took off at around 17:20 hours CET for the 700-mile (1,100 km) journey. Le tout est disponible sur Internet: ministère allemand des Affaires étrangères, bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et Nagasaki, LTI-Lingua Tertii Imperii: Notizbuch eines Philologen, Retour sur la destruction de Dresde du 13-14 février 1945, http://www.memoire-net.org/article.php3?id_article=268, « Historical Analysis of the 14-15 February 1945 Bombings of Dresden », prepared by the USAF Historical Division, Research Studies Institute, 1945, https://web.archive.org/web/20140223032027/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/judgement/11-7.html, http://www.laplumeagratter.fr/2014/02/13/crimes-de-guerre-13-15-fevrier-1945-dresde-le-plus-grand-bombardement-de-lhistoire-documentaire/, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/g1/cs3/default.htm, http://www.dresden-dossier1945.de/archivsperrungen.php, http://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/110/ereignisse/03/historikerkommission/02_materialien.php, http://www.kprdd.de/Dresden/Bilder/Rathausturm.htm, http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/presseamt/Faltblatt_Rathaus.pdf, Directive sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942, Bombardements stratégiques durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Dresde vue de la rive droite de l'Elbe en dessous du pont Auguste, Dresde vue de la rive droite de l'Elbe au-dessus du pont Auguste, Pour tenter d’en finir avec les idées fausses sur Dresde, Opérations aériennes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Bombardements stratégiques alliés contre les ressources pétrolières de l'Axe, Opérations aériennes pendant la bataille de Normandie, Raids aériens japonais des îles Mariannes, Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardement_de_Dresde&oldid=176345049, Bataille ou opération aérienne de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Massacre ou atrocité de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Article contenant un appel à traduction en allemand, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Article avec une section vide ou incomplète, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Page utilisant une présentation en colonnes avec un nombre fixe de colonnes, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, Portail:Seconde Guerre mondiale/Articles liés, Portail:Forces armées des États-Unis/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Dresde 1945 The sirens started sounding in Dresden at 21:51 (CET). [97] Frederick Taylor states that "there is good reason to believe that later in March copies of—or extracts from—[an official police report] were leaked to the neutral press by Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry ... doctored with an extra zero to make [the total dead from the raid] 202,040". In 1956, Dresden entered a twin-town relationship with Coventry. He organized these as discrete series that he would always show as a whole, from the 52 woodcuts of. [115][116], John Kenneth Galbraith was among those in the Roosevelt administration who had qualms about the bombing. On possède des observations de telles tempêtes de feu pour le bombardement de Coventry par l'Allemagne, celui de Hambourg[36] (opération Gomorrhe), et pour les bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et Nagasaki. To my mind we have absolutely no right to give them up unless it is certain that they will not have this effect. I efteråret 1944 og i vinteren 1944/45 foregik de allieredes fremrykning væsentligt langsommere end de havde ventet. A further 1,858 bodies were discovered during the reconstruction of Dresden between the end of the war and 1966. [24] On 25 January, the Joint Intelligence Committee supported the idea, as it tied in with the Ultra-based intelligence that dozens of German divisions deployed in the west were moving to reinforce the Eastern Front, and that interdiction of these troop movements should be a "high priority. På DBA finder du altid et godt tilbud på både nye og brugte varer til salg The bombing of Dresden was a British-American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II. The results were published in 2010 and stated that between 22,700[3] and 25,000 people[4] were killed. [38], The US Air Force Historical Division wrote a report in response to the international concern about the bombing that remained classified until December 1978. He then added in an offhand remark that the raid also helped destroy "what is left of German morale." At 21:39 the Reich Air Defence Leadership issued an enemy aircraft warning for Dresden, although at that point it was thought Leipzig might be the target. They fainted and then burnt to cinders. The Wehrmacht's main command post in the Taschenbergpalais, 19 military hospitals and a number of less significant military facilities were also destroyed. [91] This was largely achievable because most of the dead succumbed to suffocation; in only four places were recovered remains so badly burned that it was impossible to ascertain the number of victims. Dresde était en 1939 la septième ville de l’Allemagne avec une population de 642 000 habitants. [62], Primary sources disagree as to whether the aiming point was the marshalling yards near the centre of the city or the centre of the built-up urban area. Find betydning, stavning, synonymer og meget mere i moderne dansk. The story itself is told through the eyes of Billy Pilgrim, a clear stand-in for Vonnegut himself. Today they are officer's schools ("Offiziersschule des Heeres") for the Bundeswehr and its military history museum (from prehistoric to modern times). Commentaire Signaler un abus. [48], When Polish crews of the designated squadrons were preparing for the mission, the terms of the Yalta agreement were made known to them. 3,0 sur 5 étoiles bon film de guerre. Insane fear grips me and from then on I repeat one simple sentence to myself continuously: "I don't want to burn to death". Ici, je dirai seulement que l'attaque de Dresde était à l'époque considérée comme une nécessité militaire par des personnes beaucoup plus importantes que moi." In that sense it is an absolutely exemplary tragedy for the horrors of 20th century warfare and a symbol of destruction".[129]. [93] Seeking to establish a definitive casualty figure, in part to address propagandisation of the bombing by far-right groups, the Dresden city council in 2005 authorized an independent Historian's Commission (Historikerkommission) to conduct a new, thorough investigation, collecting and evaluating available sources. In the midst of winter with refugees pouring westward and troops to be rested, roofs are at a premium, not only to give shelter to workers, refugees, and troops alike, but to house the administrative services displaced from other areas. [e] Proponents disagree that Dresden had a military garrison and claim that most of the industry was in the outskirts and not in the targeted city centre,[154] and that the cultural significance of the city should have precluded the Allies from bombing it. [35] The bombing of Dresden was a Western plan, but the Soviets were told in advance about the operation. The lead aircraft of the major enemy bomber forces have changed course and are now approaching the city area".[79]. » La photo du célèbre photographe Richard Petersen montre les ruines de la Mohrenapotheke dans la Johannesstraße (aujourd’hui St. Petersburger Straße) à Dresde. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany" (SOA), HMSO (1961) vol 3 pp. [16] On 4 March, Das Reich, a weekly newspaper founded by Goebbels, published a lengthy article emphasizing the suffering and destruction of a cultural icon, without mentioning any damage the attacks had caused to the German war effort. Meilleur commentaire critique . I am of the opinion that military objectives must henceforward be more strictly studied in our own interests than that of the enemy. [7] British historian Frederick Taylor wrote of the attacks: "The destruction of Dresden has an epically tragic quality to it. The groups that followed the 303rd (92nd, 306th, 379th, 384th and 457th) also found Dresden obscured by clouds, and they too used H2X. Bombardement de Dresde - Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du au , selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du , devenue avec l'USAAF la en 1943. Après ceux d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, il s’agit du bombardement aérien le plus meurtrier de cette guerre. According to him, 600,000 civilians died during the allied bombing of German cities, including 72,000 children. [111] Under pressure from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by Portal and Harris among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. On the morning of 14 February 431 United States Army Air Force bombers of the Eighth Air Force's 1st Bombardment Division were scheduled to bomb Dresden near midday, and the 3rd Bombardment Division were to follow to bomb Chemnitz, while the 2nd Bombardment Division would bomb a synthetic oil plant in Magdeburg. Immediate German propaganda claims following the attacks and postwar discussions[5] of whether the attacks were justified have led to the bombing becoming one of the moral causes célèbres of the war. Des centaines de milliers de réfugiés fuyant l’avance de l’armée rouge affluaient vers Dresde espérant y trouver un peu de sécurité. L'historien Alexander McKee souligne le caractère inusuel du raid, jusqu'aux feuilles de routes masquées dans les cockpits jusqu'au dernier moment[15]. The feeling, such as there is, over Dresden, could be easily explained by any psychiatrist. The bomber groups were protected by 784 North American P-51 Mustangs of the Eighth Air Force's VIII Fighter Command, for a total almost 2,100 Eighth Army Air Force aircraft over Saxony during 14 February. [6] A 1953 United States Air Force report defended the operation as the justified bombing of a strategic target, which they noted was a major rail transport and communication centre, housing 110 factories and 50,000 workers in support of the German war effort. The shock to military planners and to the Allied civilian populations of the German counterattack known as the Battle of the Bulge had ended speculation that the war was almost over, and may have contributed to the decision to continue with the aerial bombardment of German cities.[135]. A Dresden police report written shortly after the attacks reported that the old town and the inner eastern suburbs had been engulfed in a single fire that had destroyed almost 12,000 dwellings. Lire en ligne: Archives nationales du Royaume Uni. Vonnegut, being American, did not want to write his account in such a way that the whole thing could be blamed on the British. [89], Between 100,000 and 200,000 refugees[90] fleeing westward from advancing Soviet forces were in the city at the time of the bombing. I cannot forget these terrible details. Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942, devenue avec l'USAAF la directive de Casablanca (en) en 1943. 84 relations. One of the gifts they made to the project was an eight-metre high orb and cross made in London by goldsmiths Gant MacDonald, using medieval nails recovered from the ruins of the roof of Coventry Cathedral, and crafted in part by Alan Smith, the son of a pilot who took part in the raid. Cette tension politique éclipse les 25 000 victimes de la « tempête de feu », trois jours de bombardement au phosphore (du 13 au 15 février 1945) sur la Florence allemande, dont il ne restera plus que ruines. The next set of aircraft to leave England were twin-engined Mosquito marker planes, which would identify target areas and drop 1,000-pound (450 kg) target indicators (TIs)"[50] that created a red glow for the bombers to aim at. Air Force déversaient sur la ville de Dresde, merveille de l’Elbe, des centaines de milliers de bombes au phosphore, détruisant une grande partie de la ville et tuant entre 400 à 700.000 civils innocents principalement des femmes, des enfants et des vieillards. Books. As one of the directors of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, formed late in the war by the American Office of Strategic Services to assess the results of the aerial bombardments of Nazi Germany, he wrote: "The incredible cruelty of the attack on Dresden when the war had already been won—and the death of children, women, and civilians—that was extremely weighty and of no avail". Elles peuvent être employées pour nettoyer une zone, par exemple à des fins de déforestation du camp ennemi, comme ce fut le cas lor… Allied arguments centre around the existence of a local air defence system and additional ground defences the Germans were constructing in anticipation of Soviet advances. I am that person. Explosion after explosion. [13][14], In the decades since the war, large variations in the claimed death toll have fuelled the controversy, though the numbers themselves are no longer a major point of contention among historians. This experience was also used in several of his other books and is included in his posthumously published stories: Armageddon in Retrospect. PH 2/1 Bombardementskrone Glas Overskærm m Balanceringe Her har du mulighed for at købe en ny glas overskærm til din PH 2/1 Bombardementskrone. Le premier maire communiste de Dresde, après la guerre, Walter Weidauer (de), considérait en 1946 les attaques comme évitables bien qu'ayant été provoquées par les « fascistes allemands ». We saw terrible things: cremated adults shrunk to the size of small children, pieces of arms and legs, dead people, whole families burnt to death, burning people ran to and fro, burnt coaches filled with civilian refugees, dead rescuers and soldiers, many were calling and looking for their children and families, and fire everywhere, everywhere fire, and all the time the hot wind of the firestorm threw people back into the burning houses they were trying to escape from. [56] Frederick Taylor writes that the Germans could see that a large enemy bomber formation—or what they called "ein dicker Hund" (lit: a fat dog, a "major thing")—was approaching somewhere in the east. An RAF memo issued to airmen on the night of the attack gave some reasoning for the raid: Dresden, the seventh largest city in Germany and not much smaller than Manchester is also the largest unbombed builtup area the enemy has got. D'autres bombardements sur l'Allemagne (Berlin et Hambourg lors de l'opération Gomorrhe) furent aussi très meurtriers, mais celui de Dresde a plus profondément choqué les esprits, peut-être parce que la ville était davantage perçue comme une ville d'arts et de culture et qu'elle avait un intérêt stratégique moins important (ne pouvant justifier une attaque aussi lourde), d'autant plus que l'Albertstadt, le fort militaire de Dresde, n'a pas été bombardé. It is connected with German bands and Dresden shepherdesses. Endelig har det været at Dresden var uden militær betydning. The death toll of 135,000 given by Vonnegut was taken from The Destruction of Dresden, a 1963 book by David Irving. [158] In 2010, several demonstrations by organizations opposing the far-right blocked a demonstration of far-right organizations. [23] That evening Churchill asked the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, what plans had been drawn up to carry out these proposals. are popular slogans among the so-called "Anti-Germans"—a small radical left-wing political movement in Germany and Austria. Dresde 1945 The fan-shaped area that was bombed was 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long, and at its extreme about 1.75 miles (2.82 km) wide. Utile. [13] Der Spiegel writes that, for decades, the Communist government of East Germany promoted the bombing as an example of "Anglo-American terror," and now the same rhetoric is being used by the far right. The tonnage and types of bombs listed in the service records of the Dresden raid were comparable to (or less than) throw weights of bombs dropped in other air attacks carried out in 1945. It was dark and all of us tried to leave this cellar with inconceivable panic. Le compte de 200 000 morts avancé par l'écrivain négationniste David Irving était appuyé sur un rapport de police (Tagesbefehl -TB- Nr. When plans for the rebuilding of Dresden's Frauenkirche became certain, the (GHND) began calls for the reconstruction of the historic buildings that surrounded it. The raid achieved the military objective, without excessive loss of civilian life. Bombardement dresde. Den allierede Operation Market Garden mislykkedes i store træk på trods af, at de tyske tropper var spredt og isoleret i store områder af Europa.Det lykkedes at koncentrere tyske tropper i forbindelse med Ardenneroffensiven. Taylor suggests that, although the destruction of Dresden would have affected people's support for the Allies regardless of German propaganda, at least some of the outrage did depend on Goebbels' falsification of the casualty figures. Série "Toute L’histoire" par Frida samedi 11 mai 2013 7%. It was argued that area bombing intended to disrupt communications and destroy industrial production. The American inquiry established that the Soviets, under allied agreements for the United States and the United Kingdom to provide air support for the Soviet offensive toward Berlin, had requested area bombing of Dresden to prevent a counterattack through Dresden, or the use of Dresden as a regrouping point after a strategic retreat. [143] The "hutted camps" mentioned in the report as military targets were also not military but were camps for refugees. [22] These were now reexamined, and the decision was made to plan a more limited operation. [161], Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) used some elements from his experiences as a prisoner of war at Dresden during the bombing. [137], According to the USAFHD, there were 110 factories and 50,000 workers supporting the German war effort in Dresden at the time of the raid. Similar rallies take place every year. On 8 February 1945, the Red Army crossed the Oder River, with positions just 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Berlin. British historian Antony Beevor wrote that Dresden was considered relatively safe, having been spared previous RAF night attacks, and that at the time of the raids there were up to 300,000 refugees in the area seeking sanctuary from the advancing Red Army from the Eastern Front. Le As a centre of military and munitions production, Coventry suffered some of the worst attacks on any British city at the hands of the Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitzes of 1940 and 1941, which killed over 1,200 civilians and destroyed its cathedral.[119]. He writes that the bombing was the first time the public in Allied countries seriously questioned the military actions used to defeat the Germans.[102]. Il est possible aussi que les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni aient voulu impressionner l'URSS : ce bombardement a eu lieu quelques jours après la clôture de la conférence de Yalta, et il aurait eu une force dissuasive sur Staline, dans le contexte naissant de la guerre froide. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde. It was overdone, it was excessive and is to be regretted enormously," but, "A war crime is a very specific thing which international lawyers argue about all the time and I would not be prepared to commit myself nor do I see why I should. This was a common mix when the USAAF anticipated cloudy conditions over the target. Amazon.in - Buy Dresde 1945 book online at best prices in india on Amazon.in. It is not possible to describe! Sont accessibles principalement[42] le rapport final (Abschlussbericht) sur Internet; le projet Mathildenstrasse, étude d'une rue-témoin du centre-ville[43], et l'ouvrage publié par l'Institut Hannah Arendt de Dresde. [d] Historian Götz Bergander, an eyewitness to the raids, found no reports on strafing for 13–15 February by any pilots or the German military and police. 93% (33 votes) Votez cet article . "[23] He mentioned that aircraft diverted to such raids should not be taken away from the current primary tasks of destroying oil production facilities, jet aircraft factories, and submarine yards. Buy Le Bombardement de Dresde -DVD from Amazon's Movies Store. The largest, beneath the main railway station, was housing 6,000 refugees. A 120 kilomètres de là… What they were looking for was a big built-up area which they could burn, and that Dresden possessed in full measure. [172], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}51°2′N 13°44′E / 51.033°N 13.733°E / 51.033; 13.733, British/American air raids on a city in Germany, RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War, U.S. Air Force Historical Division report. L'United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) et la Royal Air Force (RAF) utilisèrent des bombes incendiaires notamment à la thermite The bombing of Dresden was a British-American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II.In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city. Hence any assistance to the Soviets on the Eastern Front could shorten the war. Elle regorgeait d’œuvres d’art, mais elle était aussi une ville ayant une grande valeur stratégique, car jouant le rôle de nœud de communication. Amazon.ca - Buy Dresde Apocalypse at a low price; free shipping on qualified orders. Actually Dresden was a mass of munitions works, an intact government centre, and a key transportation point to the East. So instead the Nazis sent in troops with flamethrowers. [40] According to the report, there were aircraft components factories; a poison gas factory (Chemische Fabrik Goye and Company); an anti-aircraft and field gun factory (Lehman); an optical goods factory (Zeiss Ikon AG); and factories producing electrical and X-ray apparatus (Koch & Sterzel [de] AG); gears and differentials (Saxoniswerke); and electric gauges (Gebrüder Bassler). Du 13 au 15 février 1945 suivant le plan « Bomber Harris* » du boucher Harris les bombardiers de la Royal Air Force et de l’U.S. 09-mar-2013 - Explora el tablero de Emilio Rassiner "La destrucción de Dresde" en Pinterest. [32], During the Yalta Conference on 4 February, the Deputy Chief of the Soviet General Staff, General Aleksei Antonov, raised the issue of hampering the reinforcement of German troops from the western front by paralysing the junctions of Berlin and Leipzig with aerial bombardment. ph, bombardement lysekrone 2/1, hængelampe, reserveret reserveret reserveret bombardement lysekrone i meget pÆn stand, flot stel, og med glas der er flotte og intakte ingen fejl. The only inaccuracy that I found in it is that it does not say that the night attack which produced the holocaust was a British affair. At 22:00 hours, the force heading for Böhlen split away from Plate Rack, which turned south east toward the Elbe. Traditional British chivalry and the use of minimum force in war was to become a mockery and the outrages perpetrated by the bombers will be remembered a thousand years hence".[148]. [81] As a result, most people took shelter in their cellars, but one of the air raid precautions the city had taken was to remove the thick cellar walls between rows of buildings and replace them with thin partitions that could be knocked through in an emergency. Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942, devenue avec l'USAAF la directive de Casablanca (en) en 1943. The damage to other infrastructure and communications was immense, which would have severely limited the potential use of Dresden to stop the Soviet advance. [127][128], The bombing of Dresden remains controversial and is subject to an ongoing debate by historians and scholars regarding the moral and military justifications surrounding the event. [8] Critics of the bombing have asserted that Dresden was a cultural landmark while downplaying its strategic significance, and claim that the attacks were indiscriminate area bombing and not proportionate to the military gains. The basket with our twins covered with wet cloths was snatched up out of my mother's hands and we were pushed upstairs by the people behind us. La ville (629 713 habitants en 1939) comprenait en effet plusieurs gares et centralisait des réseaux téléphoniques vitaux pour le front de l'Est ; en raison des circonstances, elle aurait été intégrée tardivement au projet opération Thunderclap (de) en août 1944 qui proposait originairement de frapper Berlin[5] de manière décisive[6]. Initially, some of the leadership, especially Robert Ley and Joseph Goebbels, wanted to use it as a pretext for abandonment of the Geneva Conventions on the Western Front. Le bombardement de Dresde, lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et à un degré moindre, le bombardement de Hambourg en 1943 et le bombardement de Tōky ō, restent aujourd'hui encore controversés (bien que dans le cas du dernier, la décentralisation voulue des sous-traitants de l'industrie militaire ait été dévastatrice). Though no one involved in the bombing of Dresden was ever charged with a war crime, some hold the opinion that the bombing was one. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. En une nuit et deux jours, près de 1 300 bombardiers ont largué 2 431 tonnes (tons) de bombes « HE » (high explosive, à grand pouvoir explosif, comportant un régime de détonation supersonique), et 1 475 tonnes de bombes « IB » (incendiary bombs, soit des centaines de milliers de bombes incendiaires), lors de trois raids principaux (13 et 14 février) et d'un dernier raid le 15 février, soit plus de 3 900 tonnes d'engins explosifs et incendaires[12]. [94] Goebbels is reported to have wept with rage for twenty minutes after he heard the news of the catastrophe, before launching into a bitter attack on Hermann Göring, the commander of the Luftwaffe: "If I had the power I would drag this cowardly good-for-nothing, this Reich marshal, before a court. Il détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en bomber stream. La manière de considérer ces attaques aériennes varie selon le point de vue.