Publié : 17 Juin 2011 13:05 . Though Isabella opposed taking harsh measures against Jews on economic grounds, Torquemada was able to convince Ferdinand. [78], After the reforms of the Cortes of Toledo, the Queen ordered a noted jurist, Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo, to undertake the task of clearing away legal rubbish and compiling what remained into a comprehensive code. Fils de Jean II, roi d'Aragon, il épouse en 1469 l'infante Isabelle de Castille, unissant la Castille et l'Aragon et préparant l'unité espagnole. Ferdinand épouse l'infante Isabelle de Castille à Valladolid en octobre 1469, mariage dicté davantage par la politique que par les sentiments. Isabelle Ire de Castille, dite Isabelle la Catholique, née le 22 avril 1451 à Madrigal de las Altas Torres et morte le 26 novembre 1504 à Medina del Campo, est, de son propre chef, reine de Castille et León de 1474 à 1504, reine consort d'Aragon, de Majorque, de Valence, de Sardaigne, de Sicile (1479-1504) et de Naples (1503-1504). [7], Some of Isabella's living conditions improved in Segovia. [111], Coat of arms as Princess of Asturias(1468–1474), Coat of arms as queen with Castilian royal supporters (1492–1504), Coat of arms of Isabella I of Castile depicted in the manuscript from 1495 Breviary of Isabella the Catholic. The police force was to be made up of locals who were to regulate the crime occurring in the kingdom. Isabelle entre à Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. During the first year of her reign, Isabella established a monopoly over the royal mints and fixed a legal standard to which the coinage had to approximate[citation needed]. Trois ans après sa naissance, … It was not unknown that Henry IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. Henry was now in need of a new alliance. Le jeu compliqué et hasardeux des alliances matrimoniales rassemblait les Espagnes. [62] During the late medieval period, the expression hermandad had been used to describe groups of men who came together of their own accord to regulate law and order by patrolling the roads and countryside and punishing malefactors. John now had a stronger position than ever before and no longer needed the security of Henry's friendship. Isabelle naît le 22 avril 1451à Madrigal de las Altas Torres dans le palais de son père, Jean II de Castille. Diego Pacheco, the Marquis of Villena, and his followers maintained that Joanna la Beltraneja, daughter of King Henry IV, was the rightful queen. L'Aragonais était à l'époque un territoire avec pour débouché méditerranéen Barcelone. The second category of traditional councillor had a less formal role. (Yale University Press, 1997. p. 29–31). This role depended greatly on the individuals' political influence and personal influence with the monarch. The council, under the monarch, had full power to resolve all legal and political disputes. In 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to divide the Earth, outside of Europe, with king John II of Portugal. Et il partit pour Alcalà. The nobles who had supported him suspected poisoning. Isabelle was born on June 24 1451. En mars de la même année, les juifs furent officiellement expulsés. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was to be betrothed to Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco, Master of the Order of Calatrava and brother to the King's favourite, Juan Pacheco. Isabelle naît le 22 avril 1451 à Madrigal de las Altas Torres dans le palais de son père, Jean II de Castille. Her strong spirituality is well understood from the words she said after hearing of her son's death: "The Lord gave him to me, the Lord hath taken him from me, glory be His holy name. [21] Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Henry with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso's tomb in Ávila. La naissance d’une fille est une déception pour ses parents, qui cherchent à affirmer leur légitimité au trône, ce qui ne les empêchera jamais de témoigner beaucoup d’amour à ce premier fruit de leur union. Isabelle 1ère de Castille est née le 22 avril 1451 et morte le 26 novembre 1504. Isabelle était soutenue dans ses ambitions par l'archevèque de Tolède et d'autres grands. Henri, de retour, ne put que reconnaître le mariage et tenter de circonvenir le danger que représente Isabelle pour la paix en Castille. As the orders received by Columbus in his first voyage (1492) show: "[the Catholic Monarchs] have always in mind that the limits signed in the share of Alcáçovas should not be overcome, and thus they insist with Columbus to sail along the parallel of Canary. They even went so far as to ask Alfonso to seize the throne. [2][10] Isabella's side came out with most of what the nobles desired, though they did not go so far as to officially depose King Henry; they were not powerful enough to do so, and Isabella did not want to jeopardize the principle of fair inherited succession, since it was upon this idea that she had based her argument for legitimacy as heir-presumptive. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, but were ultimately successful. Son épouse lui donnera cinq enfants : Isabelle (1470), Jean (1478), Jeanne (la Fo… Tamesis, Woodbridge, 2008, p. 20–21, Boruchoff, David A. Isabelle était la fille de Jean II de Castille et de Isabelle du Portugal. Ferdinand II d'Aragon dit le Catholique (en castillan Fernando II el Católico ; en catalan Ferran el Catòlic), né le 10 mai 1452 à Sos (aujourdhui Sos del Rey Católico) et mort le 23 janvier 1516 à Madrigalejo, est roi de Castille et León de 1474 à 1504 (par mariage, sous le nom de Ferdinand V), roi d'Aragon, de Valence, de Majorque, de Sardaigne et de Sicile et comte de Barcelone de 1479 à 1516 (de son propre chef), comte de Roussillon et de Cer… Le pire scénario pour Ferdinand s'était finalement produit: la main mise des Habsgbourg, des étrangers, sur l'Espagne. Birth May 12, 1258 CE Sevilla, Death April 25, 1295 CE Toledo, Parents Alphonse Xde CASTILLE + Yolanded'ARAGON, Spouse Mariede MOLINA, Children Isabelle, Ferdinand, Pierre, Philippe, Béatrice If Isabella married Alfonso, Henry's daughter Joanna would marry Alfonso's son John II and thus, after the death of the old king, John and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Mon collègue et ami Ricardo Garcia Carcel a pu écrire : « La résistance à l’installation du Saint-Office fut énorme dans toute la Couronne d’Aragon et prit diverses formes depuis les explosions violentes et les ambassades de protestation auprès du roi Catholique, en passant par les révoltes comme celle de Teruel. Manuel épousa alors une autre soeur, Maria. Cependant, le drame pour la Castille était la mort d'Isabelle en 1504. Pour s'y rendre, Ferdinand dut traverser déguisé son pays en proie aux troubles. La France délaissa le sud ouest en cèdant le Rousillon aux rois Catholiques (1493) pour mener une politique aggressive en Italie qu'envahit Charles VIII. The Cortes of Toledo of 1480 came to the conclusion that the only hope of lasting financial reform lay in a resumption of these alienated lands and rents. La Castille, à la suite du Portugal, s'intéressa aux aventures océaniques. [75] As mentioned previously, Isabella had little care for personal bribes or favours. Bit-lit Fantastique. This in turn ultimately led to establishment of the modern nations of the Americas. [5] She, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo. With great political vision, Isabella took advantage of the moment and convoked courts at Madrigal-Segovia (April–October 1476)[45] where her eldest child and daughter Isabella was first sworn as heiress to Castile's crown. Au moment du mariage avec Isabelle, la guerre civile sévissait sur son pays. [74] In 1480, during the Cortes of Toledo, Isabella made many reforms to the Royal Council. La princesse Isabelle épouse le prince Ferdinand en 1469. The siege of Granada began in the spring of 1491 and at the end of the year, Muhammad XII surrendered. L'Aragon et la Castille n'en restaient pas moins deux entités qui conservaient des institutions distinctes. [93] Hundreds of those that remained came under the Inquisition's investigations into relapsed conversos (Marranos) and the Judaizers who had been abetting them.[94]. Une association politique It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened without punishment. Here he married the young Joanna. Ferdinand V, le Catholique, fils de Jean II, roi d'Aragon et de Navarre, né en 1452, épousa en 1469 Isabelle de Castille, parvint avec elle au trône de Castille en 1474, et succéda à son père, comme roi d'Aragon et de Sicile, en 1479.Cette réunion des deux couronnes de Castille et d'Aragon constitua la monarchie espagnole. A la suite d'une réconciliation entre Ferdinand d'Aragon et le roi de Castille, celui-ci mourut à Ségovie le 12 décembre 1474. They succeeded in driving over 1,500 robbers from Galicia. Ils venaient sans le savoir de prononcer la fin de l'émirat espagnol. That was equivalent to legitimising Isabella's own throne. Isabella's confessor, Cisneros, was named Archbishop of Toledo. Fille de Jean II de Castille et d'Isabelle de Portugal, elle fut reine de Castille et reine consort d'Aragon après son mariage avec Ferdinand d'Aragon en 1469. Although Columbus was sponsored by the Castilian queen, treasury accounts show no royal payments to him until 1493, after his first voyage was complete. The lives of the kings of this name before Ferdinand V. are contained in the chronicles, and in the Anales de Aragon of Zurita, and the History of Spain by Mariana. Ces nouvelles conquètes allèrent à la Castille qui s'affirmait comme le royaume le plus puissant de la péninsule, celui qui fournit par la suite les hommes et l'argent à toute expédition d'envergure. Isabella is considered the first Queen of Spain de facto, being described as such during her own lifetime, although Castile and Aragon de jure remained two different kingdoms until the Nueva Planta Decrees of 1716. By shutting down many of the mints and taking royal control over the production of money, Isabella restored the confidence of the public in the Crown's ability to handle the kingdom's finances. L’Espagne est alors divisée en plusieurs royaumes. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Henry did not comply with their father's wishes, either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted, or from ineptitude. This process was approved and Isabel was given the title "Servant of God" in March 1974. The council was also rearranged and it was officially settled that one bishop, three caballeros, and eight or nine lawyers would serve on the council at a time. The officials were successful. [63] These brotherhoods had usually been suppressed by the monarch, however. Meanwhile, the Castilian and Portuguese fleets fought for hegemony in the Atlantic Ocean and for the wealth of Guinea (gold and slaves), where the decisive naval Battle of Guinea was fought.[47][48]. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince John of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498. [2], After this failed attempt, Henry once again went against his promises and tried to marry Isabella to Louis XI's brother Charles, Duke of Berry. Et peut-être, qui sait, le fabuleux royaume du Prêtre-Jean (en Chine ?) This portion consisted of some bishops, some nobles, and an increasingly important element of professional administrators with legal training known as letrados. [85] The crown agreed to pay a sum of money as a concession from monarch to subject.[86]. [6], When the King's wife, Joan of Portugal, was about to give birth to their daughter Joanna, Isabella and her brother Alfonso were summoned to court in Segovia to come under the direct supervision of the King and to finish their education. Le Portugal cèdait les îles Canaries, qui n'étaient alors qu'un petit lieu d'escale, en 1479. L'Espagne entière en trembla. Un symbole She and her ladies-in-waiting entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. Retrieved from, Weissberger,Barbara, "Queen Isabel I of Castile Power, Patronage, Persona." After a struggle to claim her right to the throne, she reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. Ferdinand naît le 10 mars 1452. New Adult. En 1479, Ferdinand devient roi d'Aragon. Traditionally, the main advisory body to the rulers of Castile was the Royal Council. [13], In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to Alfonso V of Portugal, Henry's brother-in-law. [56] And the Catholic Monarchs—who had proclaimed themselves rulers of Portugal and donated lands to noblemen inside this country[57]—had to give up the Portuguese crown. Isabella had been intended for his favourite younger son, Ferdinand, and in his eyes this alliance was still valid. Le jeune prince Ferdinand, roi de Sicile, se démèna pour réunir des fonds et des nobles. La princesse Isabelle épouse le prince Ferdinand en 1469. Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, married England's Arthur, Prince of Wales, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King Henry VIII of England. Ferdinand fut rappelé comme régent de Charles, son petit-fils, qui était élevé à Bruxelles. Before 1476, the justice system in most parts of the country was effectively under the control of dissident members of the nobility rather than royal officials. Going against his promises made in September, Henry tried to make the marriage a reality. Substantial revenues were attached to such offices and were therefore enjoyed greatly, on an effectively hereditary basis, by the great Castilian houses of nobility. Isabella was not in favour of enslavement of the American natives and established the royal position on how American indigenous should be treated. Celui-ci mourut rapidement. [2] Her daughters, Joanna and Catherine, were thought to resemble her the most. [18] Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Ferdinand of Aragon. En 1474, Isabelle se proclame reine de Castille. [21] Because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. [15], A civil war broke out in Castile over King Henry's inability to act as sovereign. Isabelle et Ferdinand ont régné ensemble jusqu'à la mort d'Isabelle en 1504. Isabelle d’Aragon (Isabel), née en 1470, est le premier enfant des célèbres Rois Catholiques, Isabelle de Castille et Ferdinand d’Aragon.La naissance d’une fille est une déception pour ses parents, qui cherchent alors à affirmer leur légitimité au trône. During Isabella's reign, the role of this second category was completely eliminated. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Faced with these news, the party of "la Beltraneja" [Joanna] was dissolved and the Portuguese were forced to return to their kingdom.[44]. Isabel I, Queen of Castile. The reign of Henry IV had left the kingdom of Castile in great debt. [citation needed]. These officials set off with the Herculean task of restoring peace for the province. [72] By the 1470s, when Isabella began to take a firm grip on the royal administration, the senior offices of the royal household were simply honorary titles and held strictly by the nobility. The eastern province succumbed after the fall of Baza in 1489. The household was traditionally divided into two overlapping bodies. En 1469, l'héritière de la couronne de Castille épouse l'héritier de la couronne d'Aragon. "Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God. Dystopie. The Emirate of Granada had been held by the Muslim Nasrid dynasty since the mid-13th century. Étant cousins, les futurs mariés devaient demander l'autorisation du pape, mais pour gagner du temps, l'archevèque fit rédiger un faux! [88], After an episode in which Columbus captured 1,200 men, Isabella ordered their return and the arrest of Columbus, who was insulted in the streets of Granada. While Isabella's and Ferdinand's involvement in the war was apparent from the start, Granada's leadership was divided and never able to present a united front. In spite of her hostility towards the Muslims in Andalusia, Isabella developed a taste for Moorish decor and style. In particular her reign saw the founding of the Spanish Empire. Both Isabella and Ferdinand established very few new governmental and administrative institutions in their respective kingdoms. Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. Ferdinand II of Aragon points to Columbus in Santa Maria as she approaches land with the Pinta and Nina. [80] Protected by natural barriers and fortified towns, it had withstood the long process of the reconquista. Isabella realized that she could not trust all the conquest and evangelization to take place through one man so she opened the range for other expeditions led by Alonso de Hojeda, Juan de la Cosa, Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, Diego de Lepe or Pedro Alonso Niño. Isabelle est la fille de Jean II de Castille et d'Isabelle de Portugal. Elle chargea l'un de ses partisans d'aller apaiser l'irascible archevêque, qui répondit d'une manière inquiétante. But despite its uncertain[38][39] outcome, the Battle of Toro represented a great political victory[40][41][42][43] for the Catholic Monarchs, assuring them the throne since the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja disbanded and the Portuguese army, without allies, left Castile. [2][10] It seemed that finally the years of failed attempts at political marriages were over. Liss,Peggy. There was talk of a marriage to Edward IV of England or to one of his brothers, probably Richard, Duke of Gloucester,[17] but this alliance was never seriously considered. Après de longues intrigues, Isabelle se laissa convaincre par Luis de Santagnel (secrétaire de Ferdinand) et des hommes profondémment religieux qui surent faire le tableau idyllique, aux yeux de la très pieuse reine, d'un Islam pris à revers par l'Asie. 17 experts were appointed to investigate more than 100,000 documents in the archives of Spain and the Vatican and the merits of opening a canonical process of canonisation. Jeanne 1ere D'ESPAGNE, Reine de CASTILLE, Reine d'ARAGON 1479-1555; Spouses and children. When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Henry's reign. Ferdinand II d'Aragon roi par mariage de Castille et León (1474-1504), puis roi d'Aragon, de Valence, de Majorque, de Sardaigne et de Sicile ; comte de Barcelone (1479 à 1516), comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne (1493 à 1516); roi des Deux-Siciles (1504) "The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella", Medieval Sourcebook: Columbus' letter to King and Queen of Spain, 1494, University of Hull: Genealogy information on Isabella I, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_I_of_Castile&oldid=994812319, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013, Articles needing additional references from October 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ferdinand, in his testament, declared that "she was exemplary in all acts of virtue and of fear of God.". Isabelle le bat en 1479. While 1476 was not the first time that Castile had seen the Hermandad, it was the first time that the police force was used by the crown. Ferdinand fut nommé régent, mais Philippe, son gendre, réclama le royaume. [68], From the very beginning of her reign, Isabella fully grasped the importance of restoring the Crown's finances. The Archbishop and Marquis made plans to have Joanna marry her uncle King Alfonso V of Portugal and invade Castile to claim the throne for themselves.[25]. She had made her debut in the matrimonial market at the age of six with a betrothal to Ferdinand, the younger son of John II of Navarre (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara). the crowns of Aragon and Castille had been joined for almost a hundred years by Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish knights still preferred to segregate under the two banners. Et il partit pour Alcalà. Meanwhile, John II of Aragon negotiated in secret with Isabella a wedding to his son Ferdinand. Salluste: Inscription : 29 Août 2009 18:30 Message(s) : 249 Localisation : METZ Isabelle n'était pas dominante dans ce couple. Un siècle plus tard, les morrisques, des convertis de force, se révoltaient encore. Ferdinand II d'Aragon (roi par mariage de Castille et León (1474-1504), puis roi d'Aragon, de Valence, de Majorque, de Sardaigne et de Sicile ; comte de Barcelone (1479 à 1516), comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne (1493 à 1516); roi des Deux-Siciles (1504)) Cette fois, Isabelle eut peur. [47] Spanish academic Antonio Rumeu de Armas claims that with the peace treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479, the Catholic Monarchs "... buy the peace at an excessively expensive price ..."[58] and historian Mª Monserrat León Guerrero added that they "... find themselves forced to abandon their expansion by the Atlantic ...".[59]. Les deux rois furent liés par les liens du mariage, mais aussi par un contrat d'association politique.